Although the National Education Policy raised the age of compulsory education from fifth grade age 10 to eighth grade age 14 , the new compulsory education scheme is not enforceable until the legal framework is amended to reflect the revised policy. Further, the Teacher Training Institute cannot keep up with the demand for teachers, particularly in rural areas.
In the — fiscal year, Bangladesh completed 2, new schools, installed sanitation facilities in schools, and installed tube wells in 1, schools. In , access to education in Bangladesh was severely inhibited due to the pandemic. Schools in Bangladesh closed in the spring and remained closed through the end of the reporting period. In addition to pandemic-related closures, children in Bangladesh face barriers to education such as high costs for transportation, uniforms, and stationary.
Over , Rohingya children are living in refugee camps in Bangladesh following the Burmese military's ethnic cleansing operations in Children residing in the camps are vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. The government also erected barbed wire fences around refugee camps as a security measure.
In some cases, girls are promised jobs in domestic service but are instead forced into commercial sexual exploitation.
Rohingya refugee children are not permitted to attend primary and secondary school in Bangladesh, including in private educational institutions, due to their lack of documentation.
The pilot, based on refugees' interests, would allow children to follow Burma's educational curriculum and learn the Burmese language with the goal of preparing for their return in the future. The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor Table 4.
Minimum age protections in the Bangladesh Labor Act do not cover children working in the informal sector, in which an estimated 93 percent of child labor in Bangladesh occurs, including domestic work, street work, and work on small agricultural farms. Bangladesh prohibits, but does not criminalize, the use of children in pornographic performances and in the production of drugs. Although the Constitution prohibits the formation of non-state armed groups, the legal framework does not criminally prohibit the recruitment of children by non-state armed groups.
As mentioned earlier, though the National Education Policy raised the age of compulsory education from fifth grade age 10 to eighth grade age 14 , the new compulsory education scheme is not yet enforceable. In , the Ministry of Labor and Employment drafted an update to the hazardous work list, which if adopted, would add drying fish.
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor Table 5.
However, gaps exist within the authority and operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws. Enforces labor laws, including those relating to child labor and hazardous work. Enforce Penal Code provisions protecting children from forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Prosecutes labor law violations, including those related to child labor, and imposes fines or sanctions against employers. Respond to violations against children, including child labor.
Comprises officials from various agencies with mandates to protect children, prosecute violations, monitor interventions, and develop referral mechanisms between law enforcement and social welfare services at the district and sub-district levels. In , labor law enforcement agencies in Bangladesh took actions to combat child labor Table 6. However, gaps exist within the authority of the Department of Inspections for Factories and Establishments DIFE that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including a lack of authority of labor inspectors to assess penalties.
DIFE conducts routine inspections in assigned areas based on a checklist that includes child labor. In response to complaints, DIFE also conducts unannounced visits. The government reported that, between July and December , labor inspections led to the removal of 1, child laborers from 1, worksites. The government also reported that in , 88 cases were filed against factory owners for child labor violations.
When discovered, children are not referred to schools or other social safety net programs, and research has found that it is possible they find work elsewhere. A previous reciprocal referral mechanism existed between labor authorities and social services. However, in , research indicates that this reciprocal referral mechanism no longer exists. In , criminal law enforcement agencies in Bangladesh took actions to combat child labor Table 7. However, gaps exist within the operations of criminal law enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including publicly releasing criminal law enforcement information.
In , the government constituted and funded seven anti-trafficking in persons tribunals to handle human trafficking cases. The tribunals functioned virtually until August when in-person court hearings resumed. During the reporting period, some police accepted bribes to not check documentation that workers in registered brothels were older than age 18 and to procure falsified documents for workers, some as young as age However, research has found a small number of cases during the reporting period in which police arrested brick kiln owners for alleged abuse of child workers.
The government did not provide disaggregated information as to whether any of these cases involved child victims. The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor Table 8. However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including a lack of capacity to operate effectively.
Coordinates efforts undertaken by the government to guide, coordinate, and monitor the implementation of the National Plan of Action on the Elimination of Child Labor. Chaired by MOLE, comprising officials representing relevant government ministries, international organizations, child advocacy groups, and employer and worker organizations. Findings about child labor-free sectors were to be announced in Coordinates the work of government agencies and international and local NGOs on international and domestic human trafficking, including child trafficking, through bi-monthly meetings.
Oversees district counter-trafficking committees, which manage counter-trafficking committees for sub-districts and smaller administrative units. Coordinates efforts by the Governments of Bangladesh and India to rescue, recover, repatriate, and reintegrate victims of human trafficking, particularly women and children, between the two countries. Liaises with various ministries, government departments, NGOs, and international organizations that assist trafficked children.
The government has established policies related to child labor Table 9. However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including incorporating child labor elimination and prevention strategies into the National Education Policy.
Identifies strategies for developing institutional capacity, increasing access to education and health services, raising social awareness, strengthening law enforcement, and creating prevention and reintegration programs. Includes elimination of the worst forms of child labor, with a focus on child domestic workers and other vulnerable groups.
Sets out actions to be taken by the government, including forming a policy for children working in the formal sector, providing assistance to street children to protect them from exploitation, coordinating with stakeholders for effective rehabilitation, increasing working children's access to formal and non-formal learning, and providing livelihood support to poor households with children.
Sets the minimum age for domestic work at 14 years; all children under age 18 require parental permission to engage in domestic work. MOLE, including the Secretary, also held awareness-raising workshops about the policy across the country for officials and citizens.
Establishes a plan to build government capacity to address trafficking in persons and provide economic and social safety nets for victims and vulnerable populations, particularly children.
In , MOHA continued to meet and solicit advice from civil society organizations regarding trafficking issues. MOHA authorities claimed the National Authority—an institution that would serve as a national supervisory body on combating trafficking in persons—was set up in , but sources reported the National Authority body was neither active, nor funded.
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