The customer desk offered Bond plenty of time to practice manipulating people when he got bored, usually by figuring out how to get the customer to upgrade. Or to downgrade, if Big Hal or Don Marconi had been particularly odious. Unless Bond missed his guess, Chad was only renting a vehicle in order to take a load of cash somewhere unsavory.
Cash or drugs, from the way he was gripping his briefcase so tightly. Probably cash from dealing drugs; stress or dipping into his own wares would account for the new fit of the suit. Probably opioids and stimulants for his university friends. And probably Chad was on a deadline, mixed up with people who would do much more than dock his grade if he were tardy. Oh dear, oh dear. Looked at him. Took out his wallet.
How much? Safe return of the car, safe return of your mobile. Then he made a show of peering at the clock on his computer monitor. He fired up the dot matrix printer. If he were lucky and the young man were particularly inattentive, he could probably get all ten copies signed and initialled.
If he were exceptionally lucky, the Diaper-mobile would be stolen and chopped for parts while Chadwas out of the vehicle and making his delivery. After Chad left, Big Hal poked his head out from his porn room. An apple like that?
And it took five whole minutes for those idiots to register that I was threatening them! Kids today. No respect. They took off when I showed them my photobook, though. Timmy digitized it for me last Christmas, put it on my mobile. He said it was a hoot; I knew I liked him. Timmy, aka Timothy Wilbur, responsible for killing nine people in various politically-motivated attacks, aka the whole reason Bond was here in the first place.
A few days later, Marconi took out the Audi R8. It came back with the help of a tow truck. Marconi himself was fine. He looked at the Lexus, only mildly scraped, but still not repaired.
And then he looked at the undamaged Lamborghini and Bentley, both of them innocently haloed by small floodlights that Marconi had made Big Hal set up in the garage in order to highlight his collection.
Had Q meddled with the first two cars? Would he destroy the last two, ruining a pair of beautiful, brilliant machines for the sake of vengeance?
Could Bond be with someone who could go that far? The hypocrisy of his last thought struck him. Was this how Q had felt about the Aston? He needs to catch up with his Uncle Marc anyway, the little twerp. Bond had picked up the thrown gauntlet and the two of them had very nearly been banned from the course for life before Bond had managed to bargain the manager down to six months. In particular, he considered that the suspiciously deleted emails that Wastlethwaite Sr. My treat. Fine, you little fucker, I can get Hal to drive the car to your place.
Safely behind the customer service desk and facing away from the conversation happening behind him, Bond rolled his eyes to the heavens.
Maybe when he got back, if he were very good, M would let him investigate criminals with at least one subtle bone in their body. Bond could kill Timothy Wilbur and Don Marconi right here and right now, before anyone could muster up so much as a token protest. In fact, Wastlethwaite senior was in the Bahamas, so there was only Chad to worry about.
Instead, Bond obligingly stepped out of the vehicle and passed Timothy Wilbur the keys. He addressed Timmy with an avuncular smile. Bond wandered with impunity through the mansion, which seemed cluttered all to hell with faddish purchases but empty as a shucked oyster shell when it came to people. Ah, the glamor of fictional war. Bond rolled his eyes. Then a toilet flushed and Chad came out of the nearby bathroom, still tugging his trackies up.
His eyes widened. To his surprise, Chad paled. No, he just--he just cheats on his taxes and bribes politicians! Chad flushed. They uncovered a lot of evidence in the secret office. Chad slumped. Fuck, I should have known, he never returns the outfits he borrows.
Then his gaze turned warm and speculative, and he bit his bottom lip suggestively. Dear God. Bond went downstairs before the XBox infant could attempt something regrettable. The Lamborghini roared up the drive after about an hour of Bond being forced to listen to the half-muffled, oddly engaging Call of Duty soundtrack.
Then car doors slammed closed, keys jingled, and the front door opened. Bond waited in his hiding place behind the half-open door of a little-used visiting room. Bond burst out of his hiding spot. Turned out the charging cables did work as garottes. He would have to let Q know. Finally, Bond went to the garage. Three terrible casualties There was no way he could leave the old girl in a place like this. It was just a car.
The mission was done--that was the important thing. This was fine. Totally fine. The Bentley would have been finicky anyway. No sense in keeping a fussy old thing like that around. He planted his face back into the sofa cushions after he said it. It had only made Bond feel spiteful enough to hold his nose and chug it. Q closed the front door behind him. His keys and anorak clinked onto their respective hooks and his shoes went onto their shoe shelf. This room where he was welcome still.
It made a sea change in my preparation View all testimonials. The online applications for GATE are generally submitted in the first week of September month, and the last date for the submission of GATE online applications go up to the last week of September. What are the eligibility criteria for GATE?
Candidates who are in the final year of their BE or B. There is no maximum age limit to write GATE. How can GATE help me in getting job? What is the main objective of GATE? What are the benefits of writing GATE? Tech courses, etc. No, application for GATE are not accepted offline. No, a candidate can apply for only paper out of the 25 listed papers in GATE. Can a candidate change category after submission of GATE application online?
Generally, the request for category change can be made till the first week of November. Who conducts GATE?
How many times can a candidate appear for GATE? GATE is conducted once in a year. What is the syllabus of GATE? What is the best time to start GATE preparation? There is no specific time to start preparation for GATE.
Tech as one start to learn about technical subjects in detail from second year onwards. How tough is GATE? Overall the GATE exam is considered as tough as it tests the technical knowledge of a student from the subjects and topics that one has studied during four years of B. In GATE, the vast curriculum of four years of engineering is tested in three hours. However, if a student has been sincere in college then for him or her, it would be of easy to moderate level.
Can a second year or third year B. Tech student write GATE? Second- or third-year students cannot write GATE. You can take admission in private colleges without writing GATE, the only thing you will not get is the stipend. Tech, you have to clear GATE with a good score.
What is good GATE score? But, if we go by the past records, a GATE rank below is good enough to secure a seat in any of these institutes for PG programs as well as getting recruited by the top PSUs. Topper's Talk. Some text in the Modal.. Follow Us. Currently in the 3 rd year or higher or already completed. Attempt the easy questions first after reading the paper thoroughly and keep the difficult ones for the end.
Make sure the presentation of your answer sheet is neat, systematic and well organized with properly labeled diagrams if required. An orderly answer sheet with exact expression within proper word limit is credited for especially in the conventional papers. Enhance your memory power and efficiency by indulging in recreational activities, to keep your mind healthy and rejuvenated. Keep the documents related to examination such as hall ticket, acknowledgment of application, application number and other details safely to avoid any hassles.
The last day before the exam must be spent in relaxing and revising only important topics and notes. You must also sleep for at least 6 hours to wake up fresh and rejuvenated for the exam.
Remember to carry sharpened pencils, pens, eraser and your hall ticket on the day of the exam. Preparation for the ESE requires both, clarity of concepts as well as problem solving skills, since the written exam has objective and subjective sections.
A few key points will have you sailing through. Use Previous year question papers as guide to make smart decisions regarding your study plan. Use Reference books for understanding theory, concepts, derivations and equations etc.
You can practice previous year question papers to analyze your weak areas. Identify the weak topics and revise them thoroughly.
Time yourself as you solve the papers to get an idea of your speed so that you can focus on that too. The General Ability section carries marks and is important even for the Personal interview. Keep your General Knowledge updated for this section through news papers, news channels or surfing websites. Smart writing skills, good presentation, proper explanations, theoretical reasoning, derivations, related equations and diagrams will help you cover the subjective section.
Short Cut Techniques: Solve numerical using short techniques rather than traditional methods to save time. Beware of marks per question, negative marking and exam duration while attempting the paper.
Personal Interview Your all round personality is the focal point of personal interviews. A Positive attitude, Smart body language, Proper communication and Knowledge about current affairs reflect a great Persona.
Along with this Sound technical knowledge can create a great impression in personal interviews. You must prepare to answer queries about your strong and weak traits. The maximum age limit is relaxed for candidates from different categories. Both the Prelims and Main stage papers are offline i. In ESE Prelims papers calculators are not allowed. However, candidates are allowed to use calculator while writing ESE Main papers. Negative marking is there in ESE Prelims stage papers only. The questions asked in ESE Prelims papers are objective type.
In ESE Prelims papers, there are four options for the answers to every question. If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given answers happen to be correct, and in this case also negative marking is applicable. Here both the papers are conventional type papers of Engineering Discipline. All the three stages take almost the entire year.
Whereas GATE is a one-day exam of three hours. Secondly, the syllabus of ESE is very vast, completing almost the entire engineering syllabus. GATE syllabus includes only those subjects that are important from higher studies point of view.
The only difference between these two exams is how a candidate approaches the exams. To crack GATE, which includes objective type questions, a candidate should have perfect conceptual clarity and understanding of subjects, and should know short tricks to deduce the correct answer from the given options. In the case of ESE, which includes subjective type questions in the Mains stage, a candidate should have good answer writing skills as well as speed and accuracy in solving numerical problems.
To begin preparation for ESE, one should first go through the complete UPSC ESE notification of that particular year to understand the exam, know about the number of vacancies, go through the syllabus, check the physical and medical requirements for various posts, and also go through other important details. Evaluate how much time you have in your hands to prepare for the exam, do a self-analysis of your strengths and weaknesses by browsing through previous years question papers, etc.
Call Now Send mail at info iesmaster. Student Zone. Please Select any option. Toggle navigation. II Age Limits: a. Up to maximum of three years in the case of candidates belonging to Other Backward Classes who are eligible to avail of reservation applicable to such candidates. The closing date fixed for the receipt of the application will be treated as the date for determining the OBC status including that of creamy layer of the candidates.
Up to maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the State of Jammu and Kashmir during the period from the 1st January, to the 31st day of December, Up to maximum of three years, in the case of Defence Services personnel, disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a disturbed area, and released as a consequence thereof.
Up to a maximum of 10 years in the case of candidates of PwBD viz. Posts - M. There are four alternative for the answers to every question. If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given answers happen to be correct and there will be same penalty as above for that question.
If a question is left blank i. Conventional papers must be answered in English. Question paper will be set in English only. Design of Steel Structures: Principles of Working Stress methods, Design of tension and compression members, Design of beams and beam column connections, built-up sections, Girders, Industrial roofs, Principles of Ultimate load design.
Some requests to the author of this text possibly looked like automation, so he was called in. And the automation experi- ence helped him to be an asset, even when in reality many might have called the project a home appliance or device.
If a device or machine can be modeled from previous machines or methods, and the results are satisfactory, then one can sometimes call it whatever one wishes.
If calling something automation gets the project funded, and the project has true merit, then roll with it and do not make waves. A similar situation has occurred over the years about the use of the term robot and robotics Chapter 5 will cover more on this roller coaster techno- logy. During the s and s, robotics was a hot term.
Growth in robotics. Much of this euphoria seemed to start in the authors opinion with the original Star Wars movie in Although most people over the age of 6 years were told that there was a small person in the R2D2 robot, many were enamored with what technology was supposedly accomplishing.
Many assumed that robots could have intelligence, when automation engineers of the day were fighting with industrial robots to simply place a peg into a hole! But robotics never met this expectation. Many Fortune companies lost tens of millions of dollars. Gradually, robotics regained a healthier steady growth expectation, and the term was accepted again in a positive way. The definition of robotics has also changed over the years.
Systematic Design of Components The primary direction of this text is to look at the entire process, look at the mech- anical and electrical components available off the shelf, and those that may need to be custom designed and built, and integrate it with a sensor-based control sys- tem to minimize human intervention while in operation.
Sometimes this almost global optimization during the systematic design process is short circuited by limited time and dollars, but a total systems methodology is the preferred way to approach things. As see in Fig. This diagram is a good stepping stone to review in the learning process, but a limitation if one feels compelled to require every new machine to be rigidly designed as such. There are too many options with the machine architectures of today to limit oneself to this design.
We shall see other more exciting options in later chapters. Depending on which author you have read last, there is somewhere between a five-step and ten-step process to follow. A generic six-step process Shigley and Mitchel, is probably the most common Fig.
One of the key steps for the engineer is to determine how the product functions, usually internally and not always seen by the customer. This requires the nominal brain- storming and inventiveness tempered by constraints from manufacturing on how it can be made.
However, automation machines are a different challenge from general new product design. Most likely the machine itself will not be seen by the general masses.
The customer may be a team or a single person on the manufacturing floor. The automation machines poten- tial existence springs from a product that needs to get out the door, usually as soon as possible. The machine is one of the boxes or arrows in the parallel generic design process of Fig. And since mar- ket forces can change overnight, the need for the machine may disappear before one has finished assembling it!
So with the pressures of a quick time to market, where some production customers during an actively growing economy will pay an expediting fee to get it one or two months faster than the six to 12 month quote you normally pro- pose, there is little time to figure out how the automation is supposed to do its task. So the automation design engineer or team is faced with a great challenge. One might do the following, although not necessarily in this order:.
Look at similar automation processes and machines. Look at how a human does the process. Attempt novel things in seemingly random acts of creativity. Apply a Mechatronics strategy. Look at Similar Automation Processes and Machines One can or should never stop learning, although many people stopped well before they graduated high school. The author strives to learn something every time he goes into another factory or plant.
Even during a trip for a possible research pro- ject for his university that does not pan out, there is still something to be learned from seeing how others have solved a problem. It is so exciting when after the 5th, 50th, or th plant visit, one sees a need in an industry that has been par- tially or totally solved in a seemingly unrelated field this is one of the few real benefits of growing old.
Multidisciplinary efforts in design come from the cross-fertilization of ideas. However, one does not have to be almost half a century old to see these things. Specific industries often have very close-knit organizations that, even though they are competition, can learn from each other. Some are even friendly towards each other. The packaging industry more in Chapter 13 has a profes- sional group of several hundred member automation companies. As a subgroup, almost all of the eight to ten manufacturers of case erecting machines work jointly side by side to gain for the common good.
However, this group of competitors may know nothing about the needs of a state library handling audiotapes for the blind, and why should they? But if you are charged to work in. If one cannot travel into a factory to see such equipment, there are a few other options.
Many automation machines will be in operation at the appropriate trade shows, but some of these are held only once a year. Almost all automation companies do have websites with a great deal of information, but few sites have video clips of their machines in operation.
It seems to be part of an older, conser- vative nature of many of these companies. Many of them do, however, have videotapes that they will send you. Their marketing departments usually develop these tapes, so they are filled with audio clips stating that their machine is far bet- ter than anyone elses in the known galaxy!
So if one can live through the hype just as one wades through the hype every day on commercial television one can usually determine if an existing machine has possibilities to solving ones auto- mation problem.
Be aware of marketing types overselling technology and capa- bilities. Often one has to call one of the companies applications engineers to gain more confidence that the fit is right. But if the machine is not the right fit, and if the concept is not patented, one might look to use some of the strategies in a custom design machine that you design and build.
Looking at Human Performing an Operation The process of watching a human perform the task, particularly if they have done it for years, can be both enlightening and limiting. Enlightening to see someones fingers align cut pieces of cloth to sew together a shirt similar to the one you are wearing gives one the challenge to replicate a human hand! Yet maybe the way a human does this task is next to impossible to automate, at least within your bud- get. Maybe one needs to find a fresh approach to the process to gain success.
Do not get biased by the way it is currently done. How does one tie ones shoelaces? Most people learn from someone when they around five years old.
Bow tying can also be applied to fancy gift boxes seen at some high-end jewelers and expensive chocolates. At these companies, all of the bows are tied manually due to a lack of affordable automation. Engineers at these companies attempted to duplicate the motions of the human worker tying these bows, and failed.
But a clever engineering designer, Mr. Clay Cooper personal communication, , looked at this a different way. When he was stuck at an airport with a four hour layover one day, being potentially bored, he examined the tied laces on his shoe. He decided to look at the finished tied bow, and work backwards. He took the two loops, and pushed them back into the knot, and discovered a novel process. If one created three loops as in Fig.
A custom designed mandrel Fig. But the challenge we find as youth to make the first loop and wrap the other lace around that seemingly flimsy first loop is eliminated.
This works with ribbon for packages just as well. Yes, the resulting process cannot be used to tie your shoes, and the bow is made from a single end of the lace or ribbon. The other end would be aligned by the mandrel, and the end would be held tightly by the bow when the loops are tightened.
This is not as structurally strong as a common bow on your shoes, but it would be strong enough for a pack- age, would look just as nice, and might be easier to unwrap since the bow itself could remain after sliding out the other end.
However, the process now becomes very tractable, consisting of many simpler steps rather than a single set of difficult to impossible tasks.
Try New Things The dexterity of the human hand and the sensory processing of the human eye and brain are remarkable; so remarkable that researchers continue to try to duplicate the efforts in order to improve on what we have in automation presently.
However, the results to date are not close to being cost-effective. So one may have to try to use three, four, or 12 less dexterous simplistic fingers, and mani- pulate or hold the product in place quite differently from that to which we are accustomed. In automating a sewing operation, perhaps it is more dependable to use six or eight simple actuated fingers to place a pocket onto a shirt front rather than the current method of using one human hand? There is also the total range of principles from physics that one can explore.
Although a human usually does not use vacuum, except to suck something up a straw in order to consume, one can use a vacuum cup to obtain a fantastic grip on a giant sheet of glass. Or one can apply a static charge to hold some sheet of thin film material that would not stand up to the vacuum cup it could cause some deformation, creating a dimple.
One needs to be willing to think outside of the box. One challenge a few years ago for Mr. Clay Cooper at his custom auto- mation firm, American Dixie Group, was to pull apart or de-nest paper baking cups from a stack Cooper, These paper baking cups are found on some brands of cupcakes and muffins one can purchase, and many home bakers prefer to use them also. Baking cups are made from taking a round thin piece of paper that can stand up to the moisture of the batter and the heat of the oven who wants flaming muffins, Fig.
Usually 25 cups are stamped at once, and a group of 25 are stacked with other similar size groups Fig. Now most humans would peal off one baking cup at a time, from either the top of the bottom of the stack for filling a single muffin pan at home.
This relies on friction from your fingers. However, if you are filling 12 pans of 24 muffins each every minute or two, you would rather not be paying to have a team of people all huddled around the row of pans trying to keep up with the never ending flow.
So Clay Cooper wanted a new approach. He observed that one could get a good fix on the inside of the top baking cup of the stack with a suction cup, but it. So he con- figured a test device out of a 6 inch long, 2 inch diameter piece of PVC pipe with drilled 14 inch holes and some duct tape Fig. This device did not cost much to make in his basement, and he was able to find out some results in a few hours. It did successfully grab the inside cup with- out deformations, but a second or third cup would come along once in a while.
This was because when the 25 cups are die cut and formed into the fluted shape as a group, the edges of one cup can become attached to the next. Now a second cup may not seem a big deal every now and then it would not cost that much , but a double or triple cup can significantly affect the baking time and consistency of the muffin or cupcake.
The muffin pans are baked on con- veyors running continuously through an oven. So, unlike baking at home, one does not use a toothpick to see if all the muffins in one pan are done or not. A double or triple cup was therefore not acceptable by the production customer. So Clay continued to experiment. He found that if he used a jet of air through a nozzle and placed it just right, it would separate the second cup from the snugly held top cup from the stack Fig.
But this air jet could not be on continuously, or it would wreak havoc with the stack of cups before the top cup was gripped on the inside by the vacuum. Sometimes the cups were not so tightly packed, and loose cups would go flying around the room. Apply a Mechatronics Strategy Whether you sincerely believe that the Mechatronics approach to engineering is a new creation of the s Craig, ; Derby, , or you more cynically.
As seen in Fig. Mechanical Engineering;. Electrical Engineering;. Materials and Components. The key concept here is that one should look at all of the many technologies at ones fingertips, and creatively use any or all of them together.
This may sound somewhat obvious, but some custom automation has been built such that the mechanical functions are completely designed, made, and assembled, before. And then the control group is supposed to get it to work by the addition of sensors and a controller. If the process is basic and there is nothing new to it, the project still might work, but, in general, this is a recipe for disaster. These are the projects that take months to debug rather than weeks. The extra reworking and redesign to make it work properly eat into the anticipated profits and kill schedules.
Can a single engineer handle this Mechatronics or Systems Engineering approach? Again if the machine task is simple enough, yes. But most likely if it is comparable to most current automation machines, the answer is no.
Rarely can one person accumulate all of the required knowledge and have the time to bring the resulting automated product to market. There are not enough hours in a day. And there are often more experienced team members available to assist. Knowing and understanding the process one is to automate! Because there is always a time crunch, there is never any time to go back to the drawing board if the machine fails to work. Yes, there is always major debug- ging to be done.
A revised process may not be applicable to the existing machine architecture, so one may end up starting from scratch. And at these prices, an automation engineer will not be around to see this happen too many times. Any process that will be potentially automated needs to be stable and well defined. The process of welding a car frame was perfected under human oper- ators control many years before welding guns were placed on a robot.
If there is great variability to the process results, and technicians currently have to test, adjust, and decide which components of a batch of product are good, then a com- pany is most likely not ready to automate. It would seem that if a company seeking to automate wanted to know the process well before committing development dollars, and if a company had a Research and Development group, one should take advantage of this resource.
But this does not guarantee success. The following example is true, but the names have been withheld to avoid embarrassment. Wound Capacitor Example Several years ago the author was able to visit a company that makes capacitors for the electric power industry. The capacitor consists of a wound roll of multiple metallic material layers, with a layer of plastic insulation placed between each.
Figure 2. These capacitors were wound on decades old machines around a removable central core mandrel, and when completed, were squished to fit into a box that is about 6 in.
Electrical connection wires are added, but are not shown since they were not part of the automation challenge. They discovered that if the capacitor and insulator materials are wound with a constant tension, rather than the variable tension that occurred when the spinning mandrel wound the layers tighter as the roll got bigger, the electrical capacity of the capacitor could be improved!
This was quite a find, since for no increase in materials, performance could be improved. All that was required was a better winding system, with controlled tension.
Because there were six supply rolls of metallic and insulator materials, and the central core winding mandrel all need to be controlled to keep the individual and combined tension within parameters, the system needed seven servo motors with coordinated motion control. This is not rocket science, since it is similar to control- ling a seven-jointed robot under sensor control.
This is do-able but not cheap. Motion controllers are available for this type of work, but they cannot be a random collection of single and double axis motion controllers hoping to tie them together. They need to be from one manufacturer, designed to handle the specific task. A six-jointed robot uses a single coordinated multiple axis motion controller to perform a specified weld on a car body.
Surprise Problem Hours after seeing the initial problem defined by the engineer as a capacitor winding motion controller issue , a great revelation struck the author! Can you. It does not require any exper- tise in automation, it is simply understanding the process. But the big problem is the finished wound roll. Look at a standard roll of paper towels.
What happens if one squishes the roll? The layers gap in irregular fashion. So all of the precise wind- ing of the capacitor is thrown away when it is stuffed into the rectangular cross- sectional container Fig.
One could argue that this superior capacitor should be packaged into a square or round container to keep the higher performance. But the electric. So unless the capacitor could be wound on a long and thin mandrel, the effort was wasted. And no-one knows how to wind such a mandrel at the speeds needed to achieve the required production rates.
Something that might have been discussed at the first lunch kickoff meeting turned the effort sour. How could this have been avoided? Perhaps by better com- munication, by making fever assumptions, or by listening to the outside viewers who come in with a new set of eyes and ears. Nothing is foolproof, but this situ- ation was sad and probably avoidable. The intent here is to discuss a range of possibilities, but not to state which of them is the best, second best, or worst.
These open-ended questions will be left for the reader to experiment with over time. So keep in mind that there are no right answers, or wrong answers. There are just concerns and observations to be made. You the reader will deter- mine what will work for your constraints. The choice of baked goods as a process example is made because of the relative ease with which the reader can perform some of these processes.
There are many other nonfood related processes to automate, but these are difficult for the reader to understand without the proper experiences. The author finds that success in understanding a process only comes from playing with the components to be automated with ones hands.
Figures in books or on websites will usually leave one cold and clueless. So please bake some cookies here to gain all of the understanding possible. And when you are done, you will have something to reward yourself with too! A commonly found home-baked dessert is a peanut butter chocolate kiss cookie. The recipe can be found in many traditional cookbooks, on some packages of chocolate kisses, and is a variation of a peanut butter cookie mix found in supermarkets, both in boxes and stand-up pouches.
If we focus on the prepared mix approach, the box or pouch contents is usually a dry mix, where the home baker adds eggs and either cooking oil or a separate pouch of peanut butter included in the mix. When all of the ingredients are mixed, it forms a batter that is rather gooey and yet remains grainy from the dry mix particles. The dough is rolled to obtain a smooth cookie surface after baking. The process to be automated is as follows: 1.
Take a heaping teaspoon of batter and roll it with your hands to form a ball; 2. Place the batter ball in the cookie sheet, spaced as the directions state; 3. Use your thumb to form a depression in the center of each ball; 4. Bake according to directions; 5. Prepare chocolate kisses by unwrapping them while the cookies bake; 6. Remove the tray of cookies when done and immediately place unwrapped kisses on the cookies center depression 7. Let cookies cool. Cookies can be eaten as a reward soon afterwards, but if they are to be stored one upon another, will need to cool for an hour or two.
The kisses need to be placed on the cookies in a matter of seconds after the cookies are removed from the oven so as to properly melt the kiss. Over the sub- sequent 10 minutes after placing the kiss on the hot cookie, the entire kiss will melt.
When the kiss is initially pressed into the warm cookie, the melted choco- late and cookie interface will ultimately form a solid bond.
The residual heat from the cookie sheet also assists in this process. Often it is useful to wiggle the cho- colate kiss when one observes that the bottom of the kiss has melted and the top of the kiss can be manipulated without deformation or the leaving of fingerprints. This bonding is critical if the kisses are not to fall off from normal handling. Another note is that the baking process will lessen the depression you made with your thumb.
We will only look here at what is perhaps the most difficult step, that of taking the batter in step 1, rolling it Fig. The placing on the pan will be simplified at this time to the placement of a single cookie, in order to focus on one process at a time. Plus there are many existing ways to achieve multiple cookie placements. Humanly, the batter is dispensed into ones hands by measuring with a spoon, while some cooks will just grab a blob of batter with their fingers to speed up the process.
Either way, the amount of batter is not consistent. The roll- ing in ones hands relies on dexterity to form a fairly well shaped ball, and to sense when the rolling is complete. Not all humanly made cookies are the same size. Directly automating this rolling process is not simple.
Here are some options and thoughts for the reader to explore and experiment with:. Replicate the Human Process. A bowl of the gooey and grainy cookie batter is usually in a randomly shaped blob. This does not lend itself to easy dispensing of a fixed amount of batter with a spoon. There would also have to be some sen- sors to find out where the batter is in the bowl initially and after one or more spoonfuls have been taken.
Since the amount of batter taken with a spoon is not consistent, the bat- ter rolling station would need to adapt to the variable amount. A human does the adjusting without thinking. The rolling surfaces might be two flat surfaces, or they might have some curvature. When rolling is complete, it would be great if the ball of bat- ter is always in the same location.
Either some sensing would be required to determine that the rolling is complete, or the rolling process would be done for an amount of time that guarantees good output. A mechanical appendage looking like a human thumb can be config- ured. It would need either some physical centering of the batter ball or some sensors to find the approximate center.
This is not an impossible set of tasks to perform but some parts are challenging. However, do not limit yourself to only what has been stated above! Extrusion Process. Look at the extrusion process for a possible different process Fig. This is how heated aluminum is melted and forced through an extrusion.
There are cookie guns that extrude cookies of various shapes. If the batter is perhaps cooled to the right temperature, the batter will form something closer to a cheese log, and literally can be sliced. This would be similar to the consumer product slice and bake cookies. These types of cookies are usually round in cross-section, and tend to flow enough so as to form a smooth edge and surface.
If the extrusion process is used, there is no ball into which to place a depression. The chocolate kisses will sit sufficiently well on top. To obtain the right viscosity for this process, one might have to adjust the amount of oil or peanut butter to thicken it, or some additional flour would need to be added.
Silicon Dispensing Process. One might relate to the dispensing of silicon sealant from a calking tube and gun. Or think of a tube of toothpaste. By changing the viscosity of the batter, possibly by warming it up slightly, one can get the batter to flow better. Then the cookie can be formed more like the spreading of frosting as a baker decorates a cake.
When dispensed slightly warm, the gooey batter will tend to make a smoother surface, perhaps remov- ing the need to roll altogether. After dispensing the cookie blob onto the pan, use another device to make the thumb print depression. Or maybe by dispensing the batter from a height lower than the ultimate diameter of the rolled batter ball, the nozzle forces out the batter into something closer to a pancake rather than a ball or somewhat rounded blob.
The heating process could be done with normal heat sources like an oven, or perhaps a microwave. In production, warmth could be gener- ated by warm water, or warm air as a byproduct of a cooling tower. In real bakeries, one usually does not have enough floor space to let con- tinuous conveyors run while products cool for one or two hours.
Cool- ing towers are used to speed up the process, and they have an abundance of heat available for other things. How to Proceed After a first initial read of these three suggested processes, the reader might think that these are too limited.
Maybe there is a significantly better way. The author does not promise that any of these three methods will work successfully, but they do give some areas for exploration. The reader might also come to the conclusion that one or two of these methods would be superior.
0コメント